Research endeavors where investigators observe and analyze subjects in their natural settings, without intervening or manipulating variables.
A type of observational study where data collection begins after the study is initiated, and participants are followed over time.
An observational study that looks back in time, utilizing existing data or historical records to analyze associations between variables.
A study design where participants are observed and data is collected over an extended period to identify trends, changes, or developments.
A study that captures data at a single point in time, offering a snapshot of a population’s characteristics or behaviors.
A type of observational study that follows a group (cohort) with shared characteristics over time to assess outcomes and potential influences.
An observational study comparing individuals with a specific outcome (cases) to those without it (controls), aiming to identify potential causal factors.
Systematic errors introduced when the selection process of study participants is not random, leading to a skewed representation of the population.
A factor that is related to both the exposure and outcome in a study, potentially distorting the observed association between them.
Drawing incorrect inferences about individuals based on group-level data, overlooking individual variations within the group.
Changes in participant behavior due to the awareness of being observed, impacting the validity of study findings.
The number of new cases of a particular condition within a defined population over a specified time period.
The proportion of a population that exhibits a particular condition at a specific point in time.