The act of attentively watching, listening, or perceiving to gather information about a subject.
The process of interpreting sensory information, giving meaning to what is observed.
A research method where the observer actively engages with and becomes a part of the group or environment being studied.
A research method where the observer remains an outsider, merely observing without actively participating in the observed activity.
Drawing conclusions based on observed facts and evidence, often involving reasoning and deduction.
Descriptive observations that involve characteristics, qualities, and subjective attributes rather than numerical data.
Observations involving numerical data, measurements, and quantifiable attributes.
Observing subjects in their natural environment without interference or manipulation.
An observational method where the researcher defines specific behaviors or events to observe, often using a predetermined checklist.
A flexible observational approach where the researcher doesn’t define specific behaviors in advance, allowing for a more open-ended exploration.
A phenomenon where individuals modify their behavior when aware of being observed, often improving performance or compliance.
Systematic errors introduced by the observer’s expectations or personal beliefs, influencing the interpretation of observed behaviors.
An experimental design where both the observer and the subjects are unaware of crucial details to minimize bias.
A qualitative research method involving deep immersion in a culture or community to understand and document their behaviors, rituals, and social dynamics.
The practice of understanding and evaluating a culture based on its own values and beliefs, without imposing external judgments.