Antibodies, also known as immunoglobulins, are specialized proteins produced by the immune system in response to the presence of foreign substances, such as pathogens or toxins. These Y-shaped molecules play a crucial role in defending the body against infections.
The complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against harmful invaders. Antibodies are a key component of the immune system’s arsenal.
White blood cells that are responsible for producing antibodies. B cells play a vital role in the adaptive immune response, creating a memory of past infections to enhance future defenses.
Any substance that can stimulate an immune response. Antigens are often proteins or large molecules on the surface of pathogens, triggering the production of antibodies.
The specific region of an antigen to which an antibody binds. Antibodies recognize and attach to epitopes, neutralizing or marking the antigen for destruction by other immune cells.
A process where B cells with receptors matching a specific antigen are activated and reproduce to create a clone of identical cells. This ensures a more targeted and efficient immune response.
Antibodies are categorized into different classes (IgM, IgG, IgA, IgD, IgE) based on their structure and function. Each class has unique properties and plays specific roles in immune responses.
Long-lived B and T cells that “remember” previous infections. Memory cells enable a faster and more robust immune response upon encountering the same antigen in the future.
The process by which antibodies block the harmful effects of toxins or prevent the entry of pathogens into host cells. This helps to minimize the damage caused by the invading agent.
The coating of pathogens by antibodies, making them more recognizable to phagocytes (immune cells that engulf and digest invaders). This process enhances the removal of the pathogen from the body.
A method of stimulating the immune system to produce antibodies and memory cells by introducing harmless fragments of pathogens. Vaccination provides immunity without causing the disease.
Laboratory-produced antibodies that are identical and target specific antigens. Monoclonal antibodies have various medical applications, including diagnostics and treatment of diseases like cancer.
A state in which a significant portion of the population is immune to a particular infectious disease, either through vaccination or previous infection. This indirect protection helps prevent the spread of the disease.
Antibodies that mistakenly target and attack the body’s own cells and tissues, leading to autoimmune disorders. Examples include rheumatoid arthritis and lupus.
A medical treatment that harnesses the power of the immune system, including antibodies, to combat diseases such as cancer. Immunotherapy can enhance the body’s natural defenses or stimulate specific immune responses.