The relative standing or role of an individual within the list of authors credited for a particular work, such as a research paper, book, or creative piece.
The primary contributor to a collaborative work, often responsible for the majority of the research, writing, or creative effort. The lead author is typically listed first in the authorship position.
The person designated as the main contact for the work, responsible for communication with editors, publishers, and other parties. This author may or may not be the lead author and is indicated with an asterisk (*) or a similar notation.
An individual who has contributed significantly to a work but may not be the primary contributor. Co-authors collaborate on various aspects of the project and are listed after the lead author.
Often associated with academic or research settings, the senior author is an established expert or mentor who provides guidance and oversight. They may not necessarily be the lead author but are recognized for their seniority and contribution.
An individual who significantly contributes to a work but is not acknowledged as an author. This practice is controversial and may be due to contractual agreements, power dynamics, or other reasons.
An individual included in the authorship position without substantial contribution to the work. This may happen for political, courtesy, or institutional reasons, and the practice is debated within the academic and publishing communities.
The sequence in which authors are listed, which can convey the level of their contribution. Different disciplines may have varying norms for authorship order, and it’s crucial to establish clarity on the criteria.
The standards or guidelines used to determine who qualifies as an author. Common criteria include substantial contribution to conception, design, data acquisition, analysis, interpretation, drafting, revising, and final approval of the work.
The moral principles and guidelines governing fair and responsible authorship practices. Ethical considerations include transparency, honesty, and adherence to established criteria to avoid issues such as plagiarism or undeserved authorship.